01
Fluid replacement
Sweat removes water and electrolytes. Drinking fluid after training replaces water; research focuses on how much of it the body keeps.
Source: MedlinePlus
Inside 99 · Education
The science of preparation.
Understand the roles behind the proposed 9+9 concept. Education explains nutrients and formulation roles; final formulas and amounts remain under review.
At a glance
Why it matters after training.
02
Sodium & fluid retention
In lab studies, drinks containing sodium reduced later urine output compared with sodium-free drinks after exercise, in specific conditions.
Source: Merson 200803
Carbohydrate fuel
Glucose is a main carbohydrate energy source. Carbohydrate in a drink supplies fuel alongside fluid.
Source: NIH ODS04
Normal nerve & muscle roles
Sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium have normal roles in nerve signaling and muscle function.
Source: NIH ODSHow a drink is absorbed
From bottle to bloodstream.
1 · Drink
Fluid, sodium and carbohydrate are swallowed together.
2 · Stomach
Fluid passes on to the intestine. Concentration and volume affect how quickly.
3 · Small intestine
Most water is absorbed here. Sodium and glucose are carried in together and water follows by osmosis.
4 · Bloodstream
Absorbed water and electrolytes join circulating fluid.
5 · Kidneys
The kidneys balance what is kept and what leaves as urine. Retention is what rehydration studies measure.
The proposed nine
Every ingredient, and its job.
Seven supply carbohydrate or electrolytes. Two exist for taste and acidity. Final amounts and dilution are still in development.
- 01Nutrient
Dextrose
Carbohydrate (glucose)
Supplies carbohydrate fuel and pairs with sodium in intestinal uptake.
NIH ODS — Exercise & Athletic Performance - 02Nutrient
Sucrose
Carbohydrate + sweetness
Adds carbohydrate and rounds out taste. The formula is not sugar-free.
NIH ODS — Exercise & Athletic Performance - 03Electrolyte
Sodium chloride
Sodium + chloride source
Sodium is the electrolyte most studied for fluid retention after exercise.
MedlinePlus — Sodium in diet - 04Electrolyte / formulation
Sodium citrate
Second sodium source + acidity balance
Adds sodium and softens tartness. Formulation role, not a separate benefit.
MedlinePlus — Sodium in diet - 05Electrolyte
Potassium chloride
Potassium source
Potassium has normal roles in nerve signaling, muscle function and fluid balance.
NIH ODS — Potassium - 06Electrolyte
Magnesium citrate
Magnesium source
Magnesium supports normal muscle and nerve function and energy metabolism.
NIH ODS — Magnesium - 07Electrolyte
Calcium lactate
Calcium source
Calcium has normal roles in muscle contraction and nerve signaling.
NIH ODS — Calcium - 08Taste & acidity
Citric acid
Tartness + acidity
Gives Lemon Lime its bright edge. A taste role, no health claim.
FDA 21 CFR 184.1033 (food ingredient) - 09Taste & acidity
Natural citrus flavor
Taste + aroma
Flavor only. Vitamin C comes from the separate vitamin blend.
FDA 21 CFR 101.22 (flavor definition)
Research library
What the studies actually show.
Research on beverages and nutrients in general. None of these studies tested a 99 product.
Peer-reviewed study
Shirreffs et al., 1996 · Med Sci Sports Exerc
- Who
- 12 men, dehydrated by about 2% of body mass through exercise.
- Finding
- Compared drinks with 23 vs 61 mmol/L sodium at different volumes. Sodium content and drink volume interacted to affect postexercise rehydration.
- Limits
- Small, male-only lab study with controlled dehydration.
- Relevance
- Shows sodium and volume matter together. Not a study of 99 and not dosing instructions.
Peer-reviewed study
Merson et al., 2008 · Eur J Appl Physiol
- Who
- Eight men, dehydrated 1.98 ± 0.1% of body mass by exercise in the heat, then given 150% of the fluid lost.
- Finding
- Drinks with 40 or 50 mmol/L sodium chloride reduced subsequent urine output compared with a sodium-free drink.
- Limits
- Outcome is fluid retention under specific conditions, not faster absorption in everyday use. Time to exhaustion four hours later was not improved (P = 0.883), so no exercise performance benefit was shown.
- Relevance
- Supports including sodium as a formulation principle. Not evidence about 99.
Peer-reviewed study
Maughan et al., 2016 · Am J Clin Nutr
- Who
- 72 hydrated, fasted men drinking one litre of a test beverage at rest.
- Finding
- Over four hours, an oral rehydration solution and milk were retained more than water. The sports drink tested did not differ from water.
- Limits
- Rested, not exercising; men only; specific drinks tested.
- Relevance
- Not every electrolyte drink outperforms water. Its index values do not apply to 99.
Peer-reviewed study
Intestinal fluid absorption during exercise · PMID 11404655
- Who
- Six subjects studied with intestinal perfusion during exercise.
- Finding
- Varying sodium and osmolality among 6% carbohydrate drinks did not significantly improve net fluid absorption.
- Limits
- Very small sample; invasive lab technique.
- Relevance
- Mechanism alone does not establish faster hydration. Concentration and context matter.
Hydration · The first 9
9 components.
9 formulation roles.
The proposed powder, piece by piece. Each component has a job in the formula. These are roles, not nine separate benefits.
01–02
Carbohydrate
0102
03–07
Electrolyte source
0304050607
08–09
Taste & acidity
0809
Concept under review, final formula pending. These are proposed components from our R&D brief, not a final ingredient label or a health claim. Water is added when you mix and is not one of the nine. Directions and amounts will be confirmed with the final formula.
+Education sources (3)
- MedlinePlus — Fluid and electrolyte balance
- MedlinePlus — Electrolytes
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance
General nutrient information from public health sources. Not a clinical study of any 99 product.
Protein · The first 9
Nine you can't make.
Your body cannot make nine amino acids, so they come from food. A complete protein contains all nine.
- 01Histidine
- 02IsoleucineBCAA
- 03LeucineBCAA
- 04Lysine
- 05Methionine
- 06Phenylalanine
- 07Threonine
- 08Tryptophan
- 09ValineBCAA
Part of the protein source. A complete protein contains all nine essential amino acids. They may occur naturally in the selected protein source; the concept does not mean nine separate amino-acid additives.
BCAAs are inside the nine. Leucine, isoleucine and valine are three of the nine essentials, not three extra. The second 9 is the proposed vitamin set.
Proposed protein source and final formula are pending. Formula amounts and nutrition values remain unconfirmed and will be published with the final label.
+Education sources (2)
- MedlinePlus — Amino acids
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance
General nutrient information from public health sources. Not a clinical study of any 99 product.
Both products · The second 9
Nine proposed vitamins.
Vitamin C and eight B vitamins. B vitamins help normal metabolic processes; they are not calories or stimulants.
- 1Food nutrients
- 2Normal metabolism
- 3Cellular functions
Concept under review, final formula and amounts pending. This proposed set illustrates general normal nutrient roles, not measured product effects. B vitamins help metabolic processes; they are not calories or stimulants. Fortification does not establish an extra performance benefit or promise an energy boost.
+Education sources (10)
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin and mineral fact sheets
- NIH ODS — Vitamin C (C)
- NIH ODS — Thiamin (B1)
- NIH ODS — Riboflavin (B2)
- NIH ODS — Niacin (B3)
- NIH ODS — Pantothenic acid (B5)
- NIH ODS — Vitamin B6 (B6)
- NIH ODS — Biotin (B7)
- NIH ODS — Folate (B9)
- NIH ODS — Vitamin B12 (B12)
General nutrient information from public health sources. Not a clinical study of any 99 product.
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